What Is a Compound Adjective

A compound adjective is made up of two or more words (such as part-time  and  high-speed) that act as a single idea to modify a noun (a part-time employee, a high-speed chase). Also called a  phrasal adjective or a  compound modifier. As a general rule, the words in a compound adjective are hyphenated when they come before a noun (a well-known actor) but not when they come after (The actor is well known). Also, compound adjectives formed with an adverb ending in -ly (such as rapidly changing) are usually not hyphenated. Examples and Observations You know, everybody thinks we found this broken-down horse and fixed him, but we didnt. He fixed us.If nothing else works, a total pig-headed unwillingness to look facts in the face will see us through.The general was meeting someone for dinner at an out-of-the-way restaurant, not in the suburb of Nanterre, but close by.A well-developed sense of humor is the pole that adds balance to your steps as you walk the tightrope of life.​  (William Arthur Ward) Hyphenation With Compound Adjectives Interestingly, hyphenation is also used creatively to indicate that an idea that would normally be expressed by a phrase is being treated as a single word for communicative purposes because it has crystallized in the writers mind into a firm, single concept. Thus, for example, the expression simple to serve is normally a phrase, just like easy to control. But it can also be used as a hyphenated word as in simple-to-serve recipe dishes... (MS Magazine 1992) Adverbs that do not end in -ly may take the hyphen to form a compound adjective. The reason is obvious. A fast-moving script suggests a roller-coaster plot while a fast-moving script might have pace but it is emotionally charged (i.e., emotionally moving) at the same time. ​​The Lighter Side of Compound Adjectives: Laser-Focused Will somebody explain to me why every focus is now laser-focused? Lasers can guide, ignite, heat, drive, and print, but focus? This is the hottest compound adjective around today, leaving all other focuses fuzzy. In Enrons 2000 annual report, the company claimed to be laser-focused on earnings per share, at which point I should have become suspicious. Also Known As Phrasal adjective, unit modifier, compound modifier Sources Seabiscuit, 2003Stephen Fry as General Melchett in Private Plane.  Blackadder Goes Forth, 1989Robert Ludlum,  The Bourne Identity. Richard Marek Publishers, 1980Bruce Grundy,  So You Want to be a Journalist?  Cambridge University Press, 2007William Safire,  The Right Word in the Right Place at the Right Time. Simon Schuster, 2004

Methods of Manipulation in George Orwells novel 1984

What does freedom signify? In a country where freedom to do what you choose is the greatest gift of all, there are laws that restrict the daily actions of humans. Additionally, these laws keep some freedoms for humans at bay. This paradox, along with many others, is taken for granted in everyday life. The slogans, formed through doublethink, and the ministries that are created by the Party in George Orwells novel 1984 are paradoxical in nature, as each individual aspect that seems self-contradictory, but contains a hidden truth. War is peace, Freedom is slavery, Ignorance is strength, and the four ministries of the Party are the basis of control for the Party in Oceania. These paradoxes illuminate the theme of the novel: Propaganda and psychological manipulation will lead the masses to believe anything. In Book 1, Chapter one, Winston observes the Party slogans (War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, and Ignorance is Strength) painted on the wall of the Ministry of Truth. These slogans ar e the motto of the Party, and remind people that the life that they live now is better than the life that they led prior to the Revolution. Many of the citizens of Oceania learned how Big Brother made their lives better by overthrowing the Capitalists. In spite of that, these slogans conceal the secret of the power of the Party. In the book Winston gets from the Brotherhood, Big Brother or rather Emmanuel Goldstein, explains the true meaning of each component of the complete slogan. WarShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Brave New World938 Words   |  4 Pagesand similarities in how the government in the novel 1984 and the government in the novel Brave New World control the citizens of their society? Both government are tyrannical types of governments with total control over their people. The two novels have many differences and similarities in the methods the government uses to control the people, they use methods such as psychological manipulation, torture, emotional oppression, and t. The first method of control is torture. Torture is defined as inflictingRead MoreTheme of Fear in George Orwells Novels Essay1560 Words   |  7 PagesFear within the ignorant animals of Animal Farm and defeated humans of 1984 exist to uphold each novel’s totalitarian government. Each of these George Orwell novels delve into the power and manipulation of an absolute dictatorship. Napoleon in Animal Farm and Big Brother in 1984 both claim the newly established system of authority is of superior quality than the preceding regime. Apprehension is due to both fictional and realistic threats, twisted for the government’s power-hungry use. Feelings ofRead MoreOppression in Dystopian Societies1154 Words   |  5 PagesDystopian societies shown in George Orwell’s 1984 and Kurt WImmer’s Equilibrium present the readers with a state of society where everything is totalitarian and environmentally corrupt. Through the Government’s methods of control, the citi zens lose their individuality and freedom. Acts of fear and oppression though technological advancements in both 1984 and Equilibrium evoke Oceaninans to trust the higher forms of authority to protect them, and make them feel safe. 1984 and Equilibrium portray a futuristicRead MoreGeorge Orwells 19841168 Words   |  5 PagesGeorge Orwell author of 1984 recently made it on Amazon’s list of â€Å"100 books to read before you die† for his widely read novel with thought provoking subjects like: the dangers of totalitarianism, physical control, psychological manipulation, manipulation of information and history, and technology. Through the themes in 1984, George Orwell demonstrates that a dystopian society created by totalitarian rule can infiltrate the minds of its citizens through various mediums. The famous novel falls intoRead MoreOrwells 1984 Essay1962 Words   |  8 Pages Orwell’s Warnings in Nineteen Eighty-Four are Irrelevant to a First-World (our) Society Nineteen Eighty-Four (referred to as 1984 from here on) written by George Orwell is a cautionary novel set in a totalitarian society maintained and controlled by the government through censorship, fear, and a total lack of human rights. George Orwell’s novel 1984 depicts what he saw in the society he was living in, and to warn future societies of what he thought the world was headed towards. However, my hypothesisRead MoreCensorship in 1984 by George Orwell1321 Words   |  6 Pagescourage, or integrity. You will be hollow. We shall squeeze you empty and then we shall fill you with ourselves. In 1984 the Party uses various tactics to manipulate the inhabitants of Oceania as well as those of Nazi Germany. A common form of control in both the Party and the Nazi empire was the use of children for fulfilling the will of their respective government. In Orwell’s novel 1984 Winston claims that, â€Å"It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children. AndRead MoreThe Importance Of Totalitarian Government In George Orwells 19841803 Words   |  8 PagesIgnorance is strength† (Orwell). This may seem like a list of paradoxes, useless and arbitrary in the context of any government. But, these three statements help establish the foundation of the world in the novel 1984 by George Orwell. The novel is set in an alternate version of the year 1984, imagined by Orwell in the 1940s. The world had split into three superstates: Oceania, Eurasia, and Eastasia. The main character, Winston Smith, lives in Oceania where the entire superstate is run by an allRead MoreParadoxical Slogans in 19841661 Words   |  7 PagesSahil Aggarwal Williams IB English SL The Veracity of Paradoxical Slogans in 1984 The definition of a paradox is, â€Å"A statement that on the surface seems a contradiction, but that actually contains some truth.† In George Orwell’s, 1984, the use of paradoxes is exemplified in an attempt to allow the reader to understand the true intentions of a totalitarian government. By using war as a method of keeping peace in the society or even going so far as to further the degree of ignorance to greaten theRead MoreWar Is Peace, By George Orwell1200 Words   |  5 Pagesstatement as George Orwell’s 1984. Without prior knowledge of Orwell’s - and many would argue science-fiction’s - best recognized work of fiction, the slogan has no meaning. It is a set of colliding antonyms. Upon dissecting its connotations in context, though, it gives one of the clearest warnings any author has delivered to the public. Reducing 1984 and modern culture’s many relevant allusions to the novel would be insulting to the multiple layers of desperatel y needed advice to Orwell’s generationRead More1984 Research Paper1680 Words   |  7 PagesEveryday we are all in trying to be persuaded into believing something using media and the government, as don’t in George Orwell’s novel, 1984 manipulation is used by the government to persuade the citizens that their leader, Big Brother, is portraying to be. For which ever reason information is manipulated, it is still a form of attempting to persuade opinions. In many forms people manipulate information in hopes that they will gain something, whether it be to gain power or to try and convince people

Explain what sources of finance are available for small to medium sized companies and explain why they sometimes face difficulties in raising finance free essay sample

The SME (Small and medium enterprise) sector is one of the crucial important contributor to economic growth in terms of Gross Domestic Product(GDP) and job creation worldwide(IFC,2010). According to OECD(2006), SMEs had created more than sixty percent of the job opportunities for OECD countries. That situation for developing counties are even more obvious. There is no doubt that the development of SMEs is closely linked to national economy. The growth of SME sector, however, presents a stalled tendency, even recession situation, owing to the deficiency of accessing to finance. This circumstance may restrict and hinder the development of small and medium-sized companies, then indirectly affect the countrys economy. Therefore, how to financing efficiently and overcoming fund-raising barriers for its ongoing progress becomes a indispensable part and parcel of their operation activities. The aims of this article is to demonstrate what funds-raising techniques could be adapted by SMEs, then examine what obstacles are faced by them in the financing activities, and lastly, giving a conclusion. 2. Funds-raising sources available for SME 2. 1 Internal financing At the initial stage, SMEs have to obtain capital, internally, from owners, relatives, friends and existing partner or firm’s retained earnings (Abdulaziz Andrew, 2013), inasmuch as the shortage of transparent and â€Å"hard† information, for instance, permanent track records from bank, financial statement, credit scoring as well as higher intangible assets. After that, they tend to seek alternative sources, such as external ways, for financing for the sake of its progress in the later phase. 2. 2 External equity-based financing External equity financing includes venture capital, business angels and public equity. In general, they are more suitable than debt for the young SMEs since they experiencing capital gap and unable to raise loans via security(Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013), inasmuch that equity capital has no special refund date(Ou Haynes, 2006), and without mortgaging items for its supplier. A study written by Hogan and Hutson (2005) demonstrates the similar views that when TBSFs (technology-based small firms) suffering from information asymmetries, especially in its start-up stage, they would like to slove its capital gap through equity-based financing instead of debt. 2. 2. 1 Venture capital Venture capital(VC) is the funds provided to firms at their early phase to exploit its business, thus investors intend to obtain long-term capital gains(McLaney, 2009). Nowadays, the high-tech small enterprises attract more attention to venture capitalist, as they are more likely to generate interests in a relatively short-term. And this can be illustrated by a study written by Bozkaya Van (2008). It demonstrates that technology-based small enterprises obtain more money from venture capital than other sources of financing in European. Moreover, VC is a proper way for small and medium enterprise who were in the process of lack of permanent and effective track records and high quality of collateral (Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013 cited by Gompers, 1995). 2. 2. 2 Business angels Business angels are direct investment launched by individual capitalist, rather than venture capitals who are mainly supported by investing institutions(McLaney, 2009). Furthermore, angels are not merely a kind of capital investing, also a participant investment. Investors tend to actively participate, in other words, in routine operations, such as enterprise strategic decision, strategic design as well as hiring managers. 2. 2. 3 Public equity Public equity is a kind of relatively effective financing way for SME in a mature stage, it mainly is through the way of open recruitment to access to funds, and with equity as a return for investors. This approach extremely relies on a transparent perfect company financial mechanism. 2. 3 Debt financing Debt financing is a appropriate way for enterprises to raise external capital  with specified repayment date to return the principal and interest. It includes trade credit, public debt, bank financing as well as nonbank financial institution debt. Unlike equity financing which would dilutes the owners equity, and consequently, may partly deprives the owner of control of the firm. (Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013). Debt financing would be a proper approach for SMEs owners to maintain full proprietorship as well as management(Abdulsaleh Worthington, 2013). 2. 3. 1 Trade credit According to Garcia-Teruel Martinez-Solano (2010), trade credit is a paying agreement which made by seller and buyer, that allow the buyer to,in a specified period, make a deferred payment after the good or services having been provided. In this way, small firms would have a relatively short-time to arrange its cash flow and eventually overcoming shortage of cash or funds. Moreover, trade credit would be a substitution when other financing techniques unavailable. That is to say, small and medium firms will gain their opportunity of survival. 2. 3. 2 Non-bank financial institution debt Non-bank financial institution’s(NBFI) role of lending is similar as bank financing to a certain extent, their biggest differences are the mode of borrowing audition and the length of the loan terms. Generally speaking, the loans of NBFIs are longer than the duration of the commercial bank,accordingly, they require higher interest rate, and more strict choice of borrowing enterprise credit and collateral. The other role of NBFIs are mainly lending via fixed assets or equipment. 2. 3. 3 Leasing According to BergerUdell (2006), leasing is that the fixed assets are purchased by the lender and then loan to lessee, in the form of rental, under an pre-specified contract which shows that the fixed assets can be bought by borrowers at the end of the leasing. Correspondingly, lender should be responsibility of purchasing item, while, lessee will be responsible for maintenance of equipment. Opaque firms can use leasing to help for their production, this is because that the underwriting decision is  mainly based on the value of leased items, rather than ‘hard’ information, when they have limited money for operating(BergerUdell, 2006). 2. 3. 4 Public debt Although public debt is a possible way of financing for SMEs, but in reality, it is not too widely used. Because it is prohibitive for SMEs to issued public debt in many counties, such as in china. 2. 4 Bank finance for SMEs Financing in bank are variable, it involves financial statement lending, small business credit scoring, asset-based lending, fixed-asset lending, relationship lending and factoring. Unlike other sources of bank-financing, relationship lending mainly depends on the ‘soft’ information collected from SMEs via directly continuous access to the firms and its owner performance(Berger Udell, 2006). While, financial statement lending, asset-based lending and fixed-asset lending are quite similar in the field of evaluating credits and repayment abilities of enterprise. They focus on ‘hard‘ information about the company, such as financial statement, assets, fixed-assets respectively, which may more suitable for SMEs without suffering from information asymmetric. However, small business credit scoring primarily depends on ‘hard’ information about both corporation and its proprietor, and the data about the owner are mainly via their consumer and commercial credit, then there will generate a score after a series of performance evaluation(Berger Udell, 2006). However, factoring is a short-term financing methods that a financial institution or bank purchased the SME’s accounts receivable with pre-specified fees and interests (Soufani, 2002). 2. 5 Government assistance and initiatives In view of great contribution of SMEs in terms of a nation’s employment and GDP, more and more countries implement different forms of financing, such as giving tax exemption policy, providing lower interest of loan and creating a good financing environment, for small and medium-sized enterprises, in order to help its exploitation. 3. Reasons for SME sector facing difficulties of financing 3. 1 Financing environment Financing environment includes not only the financial, legal and the credit rating system, also includes national economy, social environment. SME sector in a developed financing environment is more easy to access to financing, because it provides a more flexibility financial evaluation system, financing channels as well as better rights protection. Moreover, Beck(2005) found that the development of the small firms are more easily affected by the financial, legal, and corruption. Additionally, In a stronger information system, GDP is increased with the increase of bank loans, and the credit crisis and the formal information sharing measures is presented inverse growth (Jappelli and Pagano, 2002). 3. 2 Firm characteristics In the process of SME’s financing, the significant barrier lies in its information opaque. Because of shorter operation time, and small in its size, they could not offer a permanent effective credit history or financial statement, and also unable to provide the high-quality collateral, accordingly leads them to financing difficulties. According to a study conducted by Beck and Demirguc-Kunt (2006), Small businesses were 7% and 3% higher than the large and medium-sized enterprises in terms of the probability of facing financing obstacle. What’s more, Fatoki and Asah (2011) conclude that small and medium-sized enterprises setting up more than five years have a better chance of success in their credit application than those less in five years. In addition, small and medium-sized firms in different industries may choose different types of financing and then encounter different levels of funding constrains. A study analysis 3500 samples which were randomly selected across ten sector of SMEs in UK, and concluded that the length of loan are varies in different industry(Abdulsaleh Worthington,2013 cited in Michaelas et al, 1999). Moreover, collateral has greatly contribution in the process of fund-raising for SMEs, particularly for debt financing. Accordingly, assets structure of a firm is an important factor for financing. Odit and Gobardhun (2011) revealed that SMEs with more tangible assets are more likely to obtain funs because of the ability to mortgage its fixed-asset. 3. 3 Owner-manager’s characteristics Gender of the SMEs’ managers or owners, generally, affect the options of financing sources and fund-raising difficulty to a large extent. Coleman (2007) proved that women entrepreneurs is more vulnerable to discrimination in the process of lending, since they are more often pay higher interest rates, to be required to provide additional collateral to obtain loans. The education levels of owners may be a important factor to deal with financing choices, owners with high degree would successfully to persuade the bankers or capitalists to provide fund for its business or investors think highly of educated owners(Irwin Scott, 2010). This could be proved by a survey conducted by Irwin Scott (2010), they found that the proportion of Advanced-level(23%) and professional, trade or vocational qualifications(21%) managers facing difficulties of financing are quite similar, however, that for O-level and graduate owners present a large gap, with accounting for 19% and 8% respectively. Owning a the higher degree means that owner-mangers may knowledgeable and having ability of scientific management to reasonably use possible financial resources to conquer the financing obstacles that they had encountered. 4. Conclusion In conclude, financing modes varies. Bank-depending lending is primarily based on ‘hard’ information, financial statement, asset lending, factoring as well as the relationship lending etc. while, non-bank financial institutions financing offer tangible-asset lending, such as leasing. Venture capital and business angels is mainly funding in private marketing. Accordingly, other modes,for instance,public equity and public debt, obtain capitals from public marketing. National funding, sometimes, such as low interest loan and subsidizing, helps SME sector to overcome the equity gaps. Even though, there are plenty of funding modes being supplying to SMEs, funding gaps are always affect the development of small and medium-sized firms, whether at its start-up stage, or development stage, or mature stage. For instance, in the early stages, most of the start-up funds are from owners’ savings as well as family or friends help, it is hard for SMEs to obtain external sources of financing as shortage of effective bank records  and opacity information and high risk of failure rate. On the other hand, their own characteristics and the individual elements of its owner-managers are also affect the success or failure of corporate financing, various industries, company size and age, or owner’s gender, education, etc. Also overwhelming factors, such as nation’s financial environment, will lead to varying degrees of equity gap of small and m edium enterprises in different regions and countries.

Viscosity Lab Report Essay Example

Viscosity Lab Report Paper The distance at which the sphere was dropped from, could have affected the terminal velocity. By doing a reverse engineering calculation using the equation given in the lab sheet for Castro oil (0. 65 NSA/AMA ) , it appeared that the time needed to get this viscosity could reach to about 12 seconds. This was quite impossible in our experiment to be obtained. Accordingly, one possible justification for this problem could have been the liquid unknown type, which we assumed to be Castro. The experiment objective in principal was achieved and many new techniques were learned and developed. Finished completely. All the record result were fine but with some error percentage suitable to some different factors, one way is to rope the spheres just above the surface to reduce the increase in velocity, also the errors can be minimized by recording the timings precisely and increasing the number of repetition of the time recording to get an accurate average. Even though doing these methods to reduce the error percentage there will still be some minor errors. This experiment developed our way of thinking and knowledge, where this experiment is a minimized example for the velocity of different types of fluids in pipes due to its viscosity and the floating of liquids above water or under water due to its density. We will write a custom essay sample on Viscosity Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Viscosity Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Viscosity Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer